1z0-1109-23 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2023 DevOps Professional Questions and Answers

Explanation

The three statements that are true regarding managing an application deployed in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) and pulling images from Oracle Cloud Infra-structure Registry (OCIR) are: Use kubectl to create a Docker registry secret: To access images from OCIR, you need to create a Docker registry secret in Kubernetes. This can be done using the ku-bectl create secret docker-registry command. Add a containers section that specifies the name and location of the images you want to pull from OCIR, along with other deployment details: In your deployment manifest (e.g., YAML file), you need to define a containers section that specifies the image names and locations from OCIR. This section includes other deployment details such as re-source limits and environment variables. Add an imagePullSecrets section to the manifest file that specifies the name of the Docker secret you created to access OCIR: To authenticate and pull images from OCIR, you need to specify the name of the Docker registry secret in the imagePullSecrets section of your manifest file. This ensures that the appropriate credentials are used to authenticate with OCIR and pull the required images. These steps enable your application deployed in OKE to pull the necessary container images from OCIR during deployment, ensuring smooth and secure deployment of your application. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Tasks/contengpullingimagesfromocir.htm

Explanation

The two tools that should be used for leveraging OCI DevOps service and including a Kubernetes cluster in the deployment architecture are: Ansible Collection: Ansible is an open-source automation tool that can be used for configuration management, application deployment, and orchestration. The Ansible Collection for OCI provides pre-built Ansible modules specifically designed for managing resources in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. It enables automation of provisioning and managing OCI resources, including the setup and configuration of a Kubernetes cluster. Terraform Provider: Terraform is an infrastructure as code tool that allows you to define and provision infrastructure re-sources using declarative configuration files. The Terraform Provider for OCI enables you to define and manage OCI resources, including the creation and configuration of a Kubernetes cluster. It pro-vides a consistent and repeatable way to provision and manage infrastructure components. Chef Knife Plug-in and Compute Jenkins Plug-in are not specifically related to managing resources in OCI or deploying a Kubernetes cluster, so they are not the appropriate tools in this scenario.

The statement that is false about deployment pipeline in OCI DevOps is that you can add a Wait stage that adds a specified duration of delay in the pipeline. This is not a valid type of stage that you can add to your deployment pipeline. The types of stages that you can add to your deployment pipeline are:

• Deploy stage: A stage that deploys an artifact to a target environment, such as Kubernetes, Instance Group, or Compute Instance.
• Control stage approval: A stage that pauses the pipeline execution and requires manual approval before proceeding to the next stage.
• Traffic shift stage: A stage that routes the traffic between two sets of backend IPs using a preconfigured load balancer and listener.
• Invoke function stage: A stage that invokes an Oracle Function with specified parameters and payload. Verified References: [Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

Explanation

To add approvers to the approval workflow in the Deployment Pipeline of Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) DevOps service, you can follow this approach: Add approvers to the Deployment Pipe-line and give them access via OCI IAM policy. OCI DevOps allows you to define an approval workflow as part of the Deployment Pipeline. To add approvers, you can configure the appropriate settings in the Deployment Pipeline configuration. This typically involves specifying the names or email addresses of the individuals who should review and approve the deployment. These approvers will be notified when a deployment is triggered and will be able to review and provide their approval. In order to give the approvers access to the Deployment Pipeline, you can use OCI's Identity and Access Management (IAM) service. By creating IAM policies, you can grant the necessary permissions and access control to the designated approvers, ensuring that they have the appropriate level of access to review and approve deployments. The other options mentioned are not the correct approaches: Manually adding approvers' names and email addresses in the Deployment Pipeline page: This would not provide the necessary access and permissions for the approvers to review and approve the deployment. IAM policies should be used for access control. Emailing approvers before running the Deployment Pipeline: Emailing approvers separately would not integrate with the auto-mated approval workflow in the Deployment Pipeline. The approval process should be handled within the OCI DevOps service. Adding approvers to the buildspec file: The buildspec file is primarily used for defining the build stages and actions, not for managing the approval workflow.

Explanation

The root cause for the error committed by the fresher is that the expected input/exported variable of a build is not persistent throughout multiple pipelines. This means that the value set for a variable in one pipeline is not carried over to subsequent pipelines, leading to failures in the build pipelines.

Explanation

The Kubernetes Cluster Autoscaler increases or decreases the size of a node pool automatically based on resource requests, rather than on resource utilization of nodes in the node pool. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Tasks/contengusingclusterautoscaler.htm

Explanation

The recommended solution to achieve the requirements mentioned would be: Configure OCI Com-pute agent on OCI compute instances to collect the required resource metrics. Use OCI Events and Functions services to track the end-to-end deployment pipeline (com.oraclecloud.devopsdeploy.createdeployment) and the creation of new OCI Object Storage buckets (com.oraclecloud.objectstorage.createbucket). Finally, utilize OCI Notifications and Events services to notify these changes. Explanation: Continuous monitoring with resource metrics: Install and configure the OCI Compute agent on the OCI compute instances to collect the required re-source metrics such as CPU utilization, memory utilization, and disk IOPS. This ensures continuous monitoring of the VMs as they are migrated to OCI. Monitoring the deployment pipeline: Utilize the OCI Events service to track the end-to-end deployment pipeline. Specifically, use the event type "com.oraclecloud.devopsdeploy.createdeployment" to monitor the deployment process. This allows you to track the progress and status of the migration workflow. Notification for new OCI Object Storage buckets: Leverage the OCI Notifications service in conjunction with the OCI Events ser-vice. Set up a notification rule to trigger an email notification whenever a new OCI Object Storage bucket is created. Use the event type "com.oraclecloud.objectstorage.createbucket" to identify the creation of new buckets. By combining the OCI Compute agent, OCI Events service, Functions service, and Notifications service, you can ensure continuous monitoring of resource metrics, track the deployment pipeline, and receive email notifications for any new OCI Object Storage bucket creations during the migration workflow.

To create a secret in OCI Vault service, you need to have the following prerequisites:

• You must have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. A Vault managed key is a symmetric encryption key that is generated and managed by the Vault service. You can use a Vault managed key to encrypt and decrypt secrets, such as passwords, API keys, certificates, etc.
• You must have the required permissions to create and manage secrets in the Vault service. You need to have the IAM policies that allow you to access the Vault compartment, the Vault itself, and the Vault managed key. You also need to have the secret management policies that allow you to create, read, update, delete, or restore secrets. Verified References: [Creating Secrets - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault], [Prerequisites for Working with Secrets - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault]

Explanation

When creating Monitoring Query Language (MQL) expressions in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Monitoring service, the optional components are: Dimensions: Dimensions provide additional con-text or filters for the metrics being queried. They allow you to narrow down the scope of the query by specifying specific resources, regions, or other properties. Grouping Function: The grouping function is used to aggregate or group the data based on specified dimensions. It allows you to perform calculations or analysis on a subset of data and present the results in a summarized form. The components that are not optional when creating MQL expressions are: Statistic: The statistic component is mandatory and represents the specific metric or data point you want to retrieve or analyze. It can be a simple statistic like average, sum, count, etc., or a complex expression involving mathematical or logical operations. Metric: The metric component is also mandatory and refers to the specific metric you want to monitor or analyze. It represents the data being collected and reported by the monitoring service, such as CPU utilization, network traffic, or custom metrics. Interval is not a component of MQL expressions. It refers to the time range or period over which the query is executed and is not specified within the MQL expression itself. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Monitoring/Reference/mql.htm

Explanation

"The option ""Hybrid Logs"" is NOT a valid log category for the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Log-ging service. The Logging service in OCI provides the ability to collect, search, and analyze logs generated by various OCI services and resources. The valid log categories include: Service Logs: These are the logs generated by various OCI services, such as Compute, Networking, Database, and Storage services. Custom Logs: These are user-defined logs that can be sent to the Logging service using the Logging SDK or APIs. These logs can be from applications or resources running in OCI. Audit Logs: These logs capture the activity and events related to the management of OCI resources, such as API calls, user access, and policy changes. The ""Hybrid Logs"" option is not a recognized log category in the OCI Logging service." Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Logging/Concepts/loggingoverview.htm

The way that customers can rotate their master encryption keys in the OCI Vault service is by creating a new Key Version. A Key Version is an instance of a Vault managed key that has its own unique OCID and metadata. Customers can create a new Key Version for their Vault managed key at any time, which will generate a new encryption key material for that key. Customers can also specify which Key Version they want to use as the current Key Version for encrypting and decrypting secrets. Verified References: [Rotating Keys - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault], [Creating Key Versions - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault]

The OCI service that can provide you with the necessary information to identify the potential issue and help in debugging the deployment pipeline is OCI Logging service. OCI Logging service is a service that allows you to collect, manage, search, analyze, and monitor logs from your OCI resources and applications. You can use OCI Logging service to view the logs from your build and deployment pipelines, such as the start time, end time, status, output, error messages, etc. You can also use OCI Logging service to filter, query, and export the logs for further analysis or troubleshooting. Verified References: [Logging - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Viewing Logs - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

To automatically push the modified code changes to the production, you can use the OCI DevOps Triggers feature. A trigger is a rule that defines when a build or deployment pipeline should run based on an event, such as a code commit, a pull request, or a schedule. You can create a trigger that runs your build and deployment pipelines on every code commit to your Git repository, which will ensure that your production environment is always up to date with the latest changes. Verified References: [Triggers - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Triggers - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

Explanation

The correct statement is: Resources provisioned by Resource Manager can only be managed through Resource Manager, preventing the state from becoming out of sync. When a stack is co-managed by multiple teams in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Resource Manager, the resources provisioned by Resource Manager can only be managed through Resource Manager itself. This ensures that the state of the stack remains in sync and prevents conflicts that may arise from multiple teams making changes simultaneously. Managing the resources through Resource Manager helps maintain control and consistency over the stack deployment and configuration. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ResourceManager/Concepts/resource-manager-and-terraform.htm

Explanation

The prerequisite for creating a secret in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service is to have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. Explanation: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service provides a secure and centralized location for storing secrets such as passwords, API keys, and other sensitive information. When creating a secret in Vault, one of the prerequisites is to have a Vault man-aged key. The Vault managed key is used to encrypt the secret data, ensuring its confidentiality and security. By utilizing a Vault managed key, the secret can be securely stored and managed within the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service.

Explanation

The correct answer is: From the version menu, select "Promote to current." To rollback to a previous version in OCI Secret Management within a Vault, the administrator should select the desired version from the version menu and choose the option "Promote to current." In this scenario, the administrator wants to rollback to version 1, so they would select version 1 from the menu and promote it to the current version. This action will make version 1 the active and current version of the secret, replacing version 2. The "Promote to current" option allows administrators to switch between different versions of a secret and make a specific version the active one.

To securely store and version your application and automatically build, test, and deploy your application to OCI, you can choose the following OCI services:

• DevOps: This service enables you to automate the software development lifecycle (SDLC) and deliver software faster and more reliably. You can use DevOps to create projects, repositories, build pipelines, deployment pipelines, triggers, and artifacts.
• Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry: This service is a private Docker registry that allows you to store and manage your Docker images in OCI. You can use Registry to push and pull images from your local machine or from your build pipelines.
• Container Engine for Kubernetes: This service is a fully-managed platform that allows you to run your containerized applications in OCI. You can use Container Engine for Kubernetes to create and manage Kubernetes clusters, pods, services, and deployments. Verified References: [DevOps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Container Engine for Kubernetes - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

Explanation

A valid concern that needs to be further investigated in this scenario is whether the OKE cluster has a secret with credentials of the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR) repository and if that secret is being used in the Kubernetes deployment manifest. When deploying an application on OKE and pulling images from OCIR, the cluster needs to authenticate and authorize access to the OCIR repository. This is typically done by creating a Kubernetes secret that contains the credentials (authentication token or username/password) required to access the repository. The secret is then referenced in the Kubernetes deployment manifest to allow the cluster to pull the images. If the images are not getting pulled from the designated OCIR repository, it suggests that the OKE cluster might be missing the necessary secret with the OCIR credentials or the secret is not properly referenced in the deployment manifest. Further investigation should focus on ensuring the existence and correct configuration of the secret and its usage in the deployment process.

Explanation

The proper rule to follow when creating container repositories inside the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Registry is: You must use a separate container repository for each image, but multiple versions of that image can be in a single repository. This means that each distinct image should have its own repository, but different versions of the same image can be stored within that repository. This allows for better organization and management of container images. The other options mentioned are not correct: Checking the "Immutable Artifacts" box does not exist as a requirement when creating a container repository. Immutable artifacts refer to the immutability of the container images themselves, not a setting in the repository. There are no restrictions on using capital letters or hyphens in the naming of container repositories. Both capital letters and hyphens are allowed in the repository name. The OCI DevOps Managed Build stage is not directly related to defining artifacts in the artifact and container repositories. The Managed Build stage is responsible for building and packaging application artifacts, but it does not define the repositories themselves.

Explanation

The two situations that might be causing the problem with the build pipeline in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps service are: They did not export a vault variable in the vaultVariables section of the build_spec.yaml file. When using vault variables in the build specification file (build_spec.yaml), it is necessary to export the vault variables in the vaultVariables section of the file. If this step is missed, the pipeline may fail due to missing or inaccessible vault variables. Their build specification file is available in a different directory of their Git repository, and there is no reference to its location. The build specification file (build_spec.yaml) should be properly referenced in the pipeline configuration. If the file is located in a different directory than the default location or if its location is not specified correctly in the pipeline configuration, the pipeline may fail to find and execute the build specification, leading to a failure. To resolve these issues, the development team should ensure that they export the required vault variables in the build specification file and correct-ly reference the location of the build specification file in the pipeline configuration.

The statement that is true regarding OKE supported images and shapes for worker nodes is that to provision worker nodes from a custom image, you must use the CLI or API and specify the custom image’s OCID when creating the node pool. A custom image is an image that you create by importing an image file from your local environment or by customizing an existing OCI image. A custom image allows you to have more control over the configuration and software of your worker nodes. However, to use a custom image for your worker nodes, you cannot use the Console. You must use the CLI or API and provide the OCID (Oracle Cloud Identifier) of the custom image when creating the node pool. Verified References: [Creating Node Pools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes], [Custom Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Compute]

The OCI service that is best suited for developing and testing isolated web applications or RESTful APIs using Node.js and MongoDB is Container Instances. Container Instances is a service that allows you to run containers without managing any servers. You can use Container Instances to create and manage single-container or multi-container deployments using Docker images. You can also use Container Instances to connect your containers to other OCI services, such as Object Storage, Database, or Networking. Container Instances is simple, quick, and secure, as it provides built-in isolation, encryption, and authentication for your containers. Verified References: [Container Instances - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Creating Container Instances - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

Explanation

The two recommendations to consider for developing a web app that supports users on mobile browsers and native mobile applications, and is easily upgradable, independently deployable, and resilient to failures are: Use independent services: By adopting a microservices architecture, you can break down the web app into smaller, loosely coupled services that can be developed, deployed, and upgraded independently. Each service can focus on a specific functionality or feature of the web app, allowing for easier maintenance, scalability, and resilience to failures. This approach enables you to replace or update individual services without impacting the entire web app. Avoid long duration commitment to a technology stack: By using a microservices architecture, you can avoid long-term commitments to a specific technology stack. Each microservice can be developed using the most suitable technology or programming language for its specific requirements. This flexibility allows you to leverage the latest technologies and frameworks, adapt to changing needs, and take advantage of advancements in the development ecosystem. It also reduces the risk of being locked into a technology stack that may become outdated or less effective over time. Building the web app as one monolithic unit would not provide the desired modularity, independent deployment, and upgradability. Container technology, such as Docker, can be used in conjunction with the recommended microservices architecture to provide a consistent and portable deployment mechanism, but it is not a standalone recommendation in this case.

The statement that is true about managing cluster add-ons in OCI OKE Cluster is that when creating a new cluster, essential cluster add-ons cannot be disabled. A cluster add-on is a software component that provides additional functionality or integration for your OKE cluster. OCI OKE Cluster supports two types of cluster add-ons: essential and optional. Essential cluster add-ons are required for your cluster to function properly and cannot be disabled or customized. These include CoreDNS, Kubernetes Dashboard, Metrics Server, and WebLogic Operator. Optional cluster add-ons are not required for your cluster to function but provide additional features or benefits. These include Kiali Operator, Istio Operator, Vault Agent Injector, and Vault KMS Plugin. You can enable or disable optional cluster add-ons as per your needs. Verified References: [Cluster Add-Ons - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes], [Managing Cluster Add-Ons - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes]

Explanation

The correct answer is: You must have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. A prerequisite for creating a secret in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Vault service is having a Vault managed key. The Vault service allows you to securely store and manage sensitive information such as pass-words, API keys, and other secrets. To ensure the confidentiality of the stored secrets, they are encrypted using encryption keys. In OCI Vault, the encryption keys used for encrypting secrets are managed by the Vault service itself, and you need to have a Vault managed key available to encrypt the secret before creating it.

To rollback to version 1 of a secret that has been rotated once, you need to do the following:

• From the version 1 menu, select “Promote to Current”. This will change the status of version 1 from Previous to Current, and change the status of version 2 from Current to Previous. This means that version 1 will be used as the current key version for encrypting and decrypting secrets.
• Optionally, you can also delete version 2 if you no longer need it. From the version 2 menu, select “Delete”. This will change the status of version 2 from Previous to Deleted. You can also restore or destroy deleted versions if needed. Verified References: [Rotating Secrets - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault], [Managing Secret Versions - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault]