ANVE Axis Network Video Exam Questions and Answers

“Single mode fiber (SMF) is recommended for long-distance connections, typically up to tens of kilometers, as it provides minimal signal loss over long runs. Standard twisted pair (UTP/STP) cabling, such as Cat5e/Cat6, has a maximum recommended distance of 100 meters (328 feet). For distances over 1 km, fiber optics such as SMF are required.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“For connections greater than 500 m, use fiber optic cables. Single mode fiber is suitable for very long distances up to several kilometers.”

— Axis Communications Fiber Media Converters Guide

"AXIS Live Privacy Shield enables real-time dynamic masking of objects such as faces and license plates in live and recorded video streams, helping with GDPR compliance."

— Axis Live Privacy Shield Product Page

"This analytics application can automatically mask or blur license plates and people in video streams."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"A network with large bandwidth is capable of supporting devices with higher bitrates, allowing for higher resolution, frame rates, or more cameras on the network without causing congestion."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"The greater the available bandwidth, the more data (higher bitrate) can be transmitted without causing network issues."

— Axis Web Article: Understanding Bandwidth

PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) cameras are typically used for applications such as autotracking, active gatekeeper, and guard tour. Autotracking allows the camera to follow moving objects within its field of view automatically. Active gatekeeper enables the camera to move to a preset position when motion is detected in a specific area. Guard tour is a function that allows the camera to patrol between preset positions at scheduled intervals. These features enhance surveillance capabilities and are commonly implemented in PTZ cameras. Axis Communications' documentation on PTZ camera functionalities details these applications.

Outdoor-ready cameras from Axis can be equipped with a cooling fan and a heater element to handle varying weather conditions. The cooling fan helps manage high temperatures by preventing overheating, while the heater element ensures the camera operates effectively in cold environments by preventing frost and condensation. These features allow the camera to maintain optimal performance and reliability regardless of the weather, as specified in Axis' product datasheets and technical specifications for outdoor models.

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When replacing an analog camera with an IP camera, a video encoder is useful because it allows the integration of analog cameras into an IP-based system. The encoder converts analog video signals into digital streams that can be transmitted over an IP network, enabling the continued use of existing analog cameras while transitioning to modern IP infrastructure. Axis provides detailed information on their video encoders and their applications in various scenarios in their technical documentation and product brochures.

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"Axis recording appliances can function as servers (handling video data and management), clients (providing user interfaces for playback and live viewing), and PoE sources (powering connected network cameras and devices)."

— Axis S Series Recording Solutions Overview

"Many Axis recording appliances integrate server, client, and PoE switch functions in one device."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

To prevent reflections from built-in IR illuminators from degrading the image quality, an installer can adjust the camera's field of view. By repositioning the camera or slightly altering its angle, the installer can minimize the direct reflection of IR light back into the lens, which often causes glare and reduces image clarity. Axis installation guidelines recommend adjusting the camera’s position to avoid reflective surfaces and ensure optimal use of IR illumination for clear, unobstructed images.

In an IP-based video system, audio can be transmitted alongside video over the same network, allowing for integrated audio-video surveillance. This enables the simultaneous monitoring of both audio and visual data, enhancing situational awareness. Additionally, some Axis video encoders support audio functionality with analog cameras, allowing these older devices to be integrated into modern IP-based systems and take advantage of audio capabilities. Axis documentation highlights these features, emphasizing the seamless integration of audio and video in IP surveillance solutions and the extended functionality provided by video encoders.

The background of the scene is slightly out of focus due to a shallow depth of field. Depth of field refers to the range of distance within a photo that appears acceptably sharp. A shallow depth of field results in a narrow focus area, causing objects outside this area to appear blurred. This can be influenced by the aperture setting of the lens, the focal length, and the distance to the subject. Axis documentation on camera setup and focus adjustments provides guidance on managing depth of field to ensure optimal image clarity.

The red tip on the cable is used to keep the connectors dust-free prior to installation. It protects the RJ45 connector from dust and debris, ensuring a clean and reliable connection once installed. Maintaining clean connectors is essential for preventing connectivity issues and ensuring optimal network performance. Axis installation guides specify the importance of keeping connectors covered until installation to protect against contamination and ensure a proper connection.

"An IR-pass filter blocks visible light and allows only infrared light to reach the camera sensor. This is commonly used for dedicated infrared imaging applications."

— Axis IR Filter Technologies

"An IR-cut filter, by contrast, blocks infrared light and lets visible light through."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

When using AXIS People Counter, the camera lens must be facing straight down. This positioning ensures the most accurate counting of people as they pass through the monitored area. The overhead view eliminates obstructions and provides a clear field of vision directly below the camera, which is essential for precise counting. This recommendation is verified by Axis Communications' guidelines on deploying the AXIS People Counter application.

Pixel density increases when the field of view decreases. By narrowing the field of view, the same number of pixels are concentrated over a smaller area, resulting in higher pixel density. This means that more detail can be captured in a given area, which is essential for applications requiring high image resolution and clarity. This concept is confirmed by Axis Communications' documentation on image quality and pixel density.

Reducing the frames per second (FPS) by 50% will reduce the bitrate by less than 50%. This is because the bitrate is influenced not only by the frame rate but also by the complexity of the image content and the compression efficiency. While lowering the FPS reduces the amount of data being processed, other factors like scene complexity and motion still impact the overall bitrate. Axis documentation on video compression and bitrate management indicates that halving the FPS typically results in a less than proportional reduction in bitrate.

To calculate the storage used per hour by a camera’s recording stream with a bitrate of 8 Mbit/s, you can use the following formula:

Storage (GB/hour)=bitrate (Mbit/s)×seconds per hour8×1024\text{Storage (GB/hour)} = \frac{\text{bitrate (Mbit/s)} \times \text{seconds per hour}}{8 \times 1024}Storage (GB/hour)=8×1024bitrate (Mbit/s)×seconds per hour​

Since there are 3600 seconds in an hour:

Storage (GB/hour)=8×36008×1024=288008192=3.6 GB\text{Storage (GB/hour)} = \frac{8 \times 3600}{8 \times 1024} = \frac{28800}{8192} = 3.6 \text{ GB}Storage (GB/hour)=8×10248×3600​=819228800​=3.6 GB

Thus, the camera uses 3.6 GB of storage per hour. Axis documentation on storage requirements for video streams provides similar calculations to estimate storage needs based on bitrate.

Axis cameras offer several advanced focus technologies to enhance image clarity and ease of use. Focus Pinpoint allows for precise manual focus adjustments, ensuring sharpness in critical areas. Focus Recall enables cameras to remember and quickly return to pre-set focus positions, which is useful for surveillance scenarios where the camera frequently moves between different points of interest. According to Axis documentation, these technologies are designed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of camera setup and operation.

A video encoder effectively turns an analog camera into a network camera by converting the analog signal to a digital format, which can then be transmitted over a network. Additionally, video encoders add intelligent functionality found in network cameras, such as motion detection, event management, and video analytics capabilities. These features enable legacy analog systems to integrate with modern IP-based surveillance solutions. References: Axis Communications product documentation on video encoders.

As a person enters the scene, P-frames (Predictive frames) increase in size. P-frames contain only the changes in the image from the previous frame (I-frame or another P-frame). When there is movement or new objects enter the scene, more data is needed to describe the changes, resulting in larger P-frames. References: Axis Communications documentation on video compression and frame types in H.264.

To minimize the risk of losing recordings if there is a disconnect between the camera and the server, failover recordings are recommended. This involves having a secondary recording location, such as an SD card in the camera, that can store video footage temporarily until the connection to the server is restored. This ensures continuous recording and prevents data loss. Axis Communications' documentation on system reliability and failover solutions supports this recommendation.

"When a lens intended for a larger sensor is used on a smaller sensor camera, the projected image circle does not fully cover the sensor area, causing vignetting or black corners in the image."

— Axis Lens Guide White Paper

"Black corners or vignetting often result from a mismatch between lens and sensor size."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“Axis devices can use action rules with conditions such as schedule, input, or motion detection. For example, an action rule can be set to play a sound through a network speaker if motion is detected outside of business hours.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“Action rules allow users to automate responses to events by setting conditions. Example: If motion is detected after hours, play a pre-recorded message on a network speaker.”

— Axis Device Event Configuration Guide

A system designer can compare the light sensitivity of network cameras from different manufacturers by checking the specified lux values of the cameras. Lux is a unit of measurement for illuminance, indicating how much light is needed for the camera to produce a usable image. Lower lux values indicate better low-light performance. While field testing can also be useful, lux values provide a standardized and quick reference for comparison. References: Axis Communications product specifications and industry standards on light sensitivity.

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"Semi-covert IR illumination typically operates at 850 nm. This wavelength produces a faint red glow that is somewhat visible to the human eye, making it 'semi-covert.'"

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"850 nm is considered semi-covert, while 940 nm is fully covert."

— Axis OptimizedIR Guide

"ONVIF compatibility ensures interoperability between products from different manufacturers, as long as they are ONVIF compliant."

— Axis ONVIF Compliance Guide

"ONVIF is an open industry forum that provides and promotes standardized interfaces for effective interoperability of IP-based security products."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"NAT (Network Address Translation) is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing devices on a private network to access resources on the public Internet."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"NAT is used in routers/firewalls to expose internal devices to the Internet."

— Axis Networking Basics Guide

"AXIS Device Manager gives you access to important device information, including warranty status, device age, and more. This helps users plan for maintenance and replacements."

— Axis Device Manager User Manual

"With AXIS Device Manager, you can view the warranty status of your Axis devices in your network."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

A visual camera enables the detection and identification of a person’s face. Visual cameras capture detailed images using visible light, which is necessary for facial recognition and identification applications. While radar, passive infrared sensors, and thermal cameras are useful for detecting movement and heat signatures, they do not provide the detailed imagery required for facial identification. This functionality is detailed in Axis Communications' documentation on camera capabilities.

The most efficient method for sending a video stream to multiple recipients simultaneously is multicast. Multicast allows a single video stream to be transmitted to multiple recipients, reducing the bandwidth required compared to unicast, where separate streams are sent to each recipient. This approach optimizes network resources and ensures efficient distribution of video data. Axis Communications' networking and video streaming guidelines confirm multicast as the preferred method for such scenarios.

"A key advantage of server-based storage is that the servers can be installed in secure, access-controlled locations, improving the physical security of recorded video data."

— Axis Video Surveillance Storage White Paper

"Server-based storage allows for secure placement and centralized management."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

For covert surveillance, modular cameras are the best choice. These cameras consist of a small sensor unit connected to a main unit by a cable, allowing the sensor unit to be discreetly placed in tight spaces while the main unit is hidden elsewhere. This makes modular cameras ideal for situations where discretion is paramount. Axis Communications offers a range of modular cameras specifically designed for covert applications, as detailed in their product documentation and solutions guides.

"Lightfinder technology provides Axis cameras with extreme light sensitivity, enabling them to deliver high-quality, full color images in extremely low-light conditions."

— Axis Lightfinder Technology Overview

"Lightfinder technology allows for color images in situations where other cameras would only produce black-and-white."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"A solid amber (orange) status LED indicates that the device is starting up."

— Axis LED Indicators Guide

"During startup, the status indicator is amber."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Axis helps prevent attackers from deceiving system owners into installing altered firmware by using signed firmware. Signed firmware ensures that only authentic and unaltered firmware can be installed on the device. This process involves cryptographic signatures that verify the integrity and authenticity of the firmware, thus preventing malicious code from being introduced into the system.

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) and NAS (Network Attached Storage) are two common methods to extend server storage for video. RAID allows for increased storage capacity and data redundancy by combining multiple hard drives into a single logical unit, improving performance and fault tolerance. NAS provides additional storage over the network, enabling easy expansion and accessibility for video data. Both solutions are widely used in video surveillance systems to ensure ample storage and data reliability. This information is verified from Axis Communications’ best practices and technical guidelines on storage solutions for video surveillance.

"Some PTZ cameras feature advanced autofocus technologies such as laser focus or focus recall to quickly and accurately focus at different zoom levels or positions."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"PTZ models with laser focus technology maintain image sharpness even at long distances."

— Axis PTZ Camera Series Overview

The integrator is responsible for documenting a video surveillance installation. This documentation includes details on camera placement, network configurations, system settings, and operational instructions. Proper documentation ensures that the system can be maintained, troubleshooted, and upgraded efficiently. It also provides a reference for any future modifications or expansions of the surveillance system. [Reference: Axis Communications - Best Practices for Surveillance System Installation]

Increased noise levels in a scene typically result in higher bandwidth usage. Noise introduces additional variations in the video signal, which the compression algorithm must encode, leading to increased data rates. This is particularly noticeable in low-light conditions where electronic noise can significantly impact the video stream. Axis Network Video documentation explains that noise reduction techniques and proper lighting can help manage and reduce the bandwidth impact caused by increased noise levels in surveillance video.

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Operating cameras above their specified temperature limits can increase noise in the captured images. High temperatures can affect the electronic components of the camera, leading to higher thermal noise and degraded image quality. Ensuring cameras operate within their designated temperature ranges is critical for maintaining image clarity and overall performance. Refer to Axis Communications' product specifications and environmental guidelines for more information.

The Arctic Temperature Control functionality in Axis cameras is designed to protect the camera electronics by ensuring the device can operate in extremely cold temperatures. This feature helps maintain the internal temperature of the camera, preventing the electronics from freezing and ensuring reliable performance in harsh environments. Detailed information on Arctic Temperature Control can be found in Axis Communications product specifications and user manuals.

The most effective and time-saving way to adjust the focus on the AXIS M3204 camera while onsite is using the remote zoom and focus feature. This feature allows installers to precisely adjust the camera’s zoom and focus settings from a remote location, saving significant time and effort compared to manual adjustments. The AXIS M3204’s specifications and installation guides highlight this feature as a key benefit for efficient setup and maintenance.

For multicast streaming to be effective, the network infrastructure must support multicast protocols. This involves network switches and routers that can handle multicast traffic, allowing video streams to be efficiently distributed to multiple clients simultaneously. Multicast reduces the load on the network by sending a single stream of data to multiple receivers, making it essential for large-scale surveillance deployments. [Reference: Axis Communications - Multicast Streaming Requirements]

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The AXIS P3301 is a fixed mini dome camera that features a DC-iris lens, a 2.8-10 mm varifocal lens, and wide dynamic range (WDR). This combination of features makes it the only suitable choice among the listed options to meet the customer's requirements for a fixed mini dome camera with these specific capabilities. More details can be found in the Axis Communications product specifications and data sheets for the AXIS P3301.

Axis recommends shielded cables for outdoor installations primarily to ensure surge protection. Shielded cables help to protect the system against electrical surges and electromagnetic interference, which can cause damage to the cameras and other connected devices. By using shielded cables, the integrity and reliability of the surveillance system are maintained, even in environments prone to electrical disturbances. [Reference: Axis Communications - Installation and Maintenance of Network Video Products]

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Existing coaxial cables can be repurposed for use with network cameras through the use of media converters. These devices convert the analog signals transmitted over coaxial cables into digital signals that can be used by network cameras, allowing for the continued use of existing cabling infrastructure. This approach can be cost-effective and less disruptive compared to installing new network cables. Axis Network Video documentation provides detailed guidance on the use of media converters to leverage existing coaxial cabling for network camera installations.

Incorrect colors due to faulty calibration or configuration in network cameras can lead to a false representation of the video footage. This is because the colors captured and displayed by the camera do not accurately reflect the actual scene, which can be critical in surveillance applications where precise color reproduction is necessary for identification and evidence purposes. While other options could be related issues, they do not directly address the primary consequence of incorrect color calibration. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' technical notes on camera calibration and color accuracy.

For the best accuracy in a people counting application, the camera should be mounted directly above the entrance. This overhead position provides a clear view of the individuals entering and ensures accurate counting by minimizing obstructions and capturing each person as they cross the threshold. Axis’s guidelines for people counting applications recommend this mounting position to achieve the highest accuracy and reliability in the data collected.

The IP51 and IP52 ratings indicate that the camera is protected against dust and dripping water. IP51 means the camera is protected against dust ingress to a level that would interfere with the operation and against vertically dripping water. IP52 offers the same dust protection but also protects against dripping water when tilted up to 15 degrees. These ratings make the cameras suitable for indoor use where dust and minor water exposure might occur. Axis Network Video documentation specifies the IP rating system and the levels of protection provided by different ratings.

The AXIS M3204 is a cost-effective mini dome camera with a varifocal lens. It does not include DC-iris or audio capabilities, making it suitable for the specified requirements. The other options either include additional features that are not needed or do not meet the cost-effectiveness criteria. For detailed product specifications, refer to Axis Communications' datasheets and product catalogs.

When a camera's image appears "washed out" or faded, especially in a hallway with no windows, the first setting to adjust is the exposure settings. Proper exposure settings ensure that the camera captures the right amount of light, enhancing image quality and color accuracy. Adjusting settings such as the shutter speed, iris, and gain can help improve the overall image contrast and color fidelity. [Reference: Axis Communications - Image Quality Settings and Adjustments]

VAPIX® is Axis' proprietary API (Application Programming Interface) that enables integration and management of Axis network video products. It allows developers to access a wide range of functionalities, such as video streaming, event management, and configuration settings, specifically tailored to leverage the latest capabilities of Axis cameras. ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum) is an industry standard that facilitates interoperability between IP-based security products regardless of manufacturer, supporting basic functionalities for video and audio streaming, PTZ control, and event handling but not exclusively tailored to the latest Axis camera features.

Focusing a camera improves image clarity and detail but also increases the bandwidth. This happens because a sharper image contains more detailed information, requiring more data to transmit over the network. Hence, the bandwidth usage increases as the camera focuses more accurately.

Gatekeeper is a feature in Axis PTZ cameras that allows the camera to automatically zoom in on an object when motion is detected within a predefined area. This function is useful for focusing on areas of interest, such as entry points or sensitive zones, enhancing security monitoring by providing detailed views of potential security events. Axis Network Video documentation explains that Gatekeeper uses video motion detection to trigger the zoom function, ensuring that important details are captured without manual intervention.

A P-iris lens is a type of DC-iris lens that incorporates feedback to maintain optimal image quality. Unlike a standard DC-iris, which only adjusts based on light levels, a P-iris lens uses a feedback mechanism to optimize the iris position, ensuring consistent image sharpness, depth of field, and optimal contrast. This technology allows for precise control over the iris, which is especially beneficial in varying lighting conditions. According to Axis documentation, P-iris lenses are designed to deliver better performance by continuously adjusting the iris for optimal image quality.

Ghost image occurs when the shutter time is too long. Long shutter times can cause moving objects to appear blurry or leave a "ghost" trail in the image, as the sensor is exposed to the scene for an extended period, capturing multiple positions of a moving object within a single frame.

Using VLANs and IP subnets in a network infrastructure helps segregate surveillance video traffic from other network traffic. This separation improves network security by limiting access to authorized devices only and reducing the risk of video interception by malicious users. It does not inherently provide encryption or establish encrypted communication links, but it enhances security by isolating sensitive video streams. Detailed explanations can be found in Axis Communications network design guides and security best practices documents.

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To achieve four H.264 streams at 30 fps from the same camera product that can deliver two full resolution 30 fps H.264 streams, the resolution of the streams must be decreased. By lowering the resolution, the camera reduces the amount of data processed and transmitted for each stream, making it possible to support additional streams. Axis Network Video documentation indicates that stream configuration, including resolution and frame rate adjustments, allows cameras to manage multiple streams effectively while maintaining performance.

The Axis pixel counter is a tool that allows users to verify that the camera's resolution meets the requirements for a specific scene. This is particularly useful in ensuring that critical areas are captured with sufficient detail for identification and analysis. The pixel counter helps in confirming that the pixel density is adequate for the intended surveillance purposes. Detailed explanations can be found in Axis Communications' camera setup and configuration documentation.

To improve the overall quality of the image:

A. Decrease image compression setting: Lowering the compression setting will reduce artifacts and improve image clarity by preserving more of the original data in each frame. E. Change to a camera with higher resolution: Using a camera with higher resolution will capture more detail and improve the clarity of the enlarged image.

These adjustments ensure better image quality by enhancing the detail and reducing compression artifacts.

Thermal network cameras are viable alternatives to standard network cameras for several purposes:

B. Detection at daylight: Thermal cameras can detect heat signatures from objects and people regardless of lighting conditions.

C. Detection at night: They can effectively detect heat signatures in complete darkness, making them suitable for nighttime surveillance.

D. Detection in smoke and light fog conditions: Thermal cameras can see through obscurants like smoke and light fog that might block visible light, providing reliable detection in such conditions.

Thermal cameras are not suitable for identification purposes or license plate recognition as they do not capture fine details needed for these applications.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol used on IP networks. It automates the process of configuring devices on IP networks by assigning IP addresses to devices, allowing them to communicate on the network. The DHCP server dynamically assigns IP addresses from a predefined pool and leases them to devices for a specified period. This eliminates the need for manual IP configuration and helps avoid IP address conflicts. References to Axis documentation confirm that DHCP is essential for managing and automating IP address allocation in networked environments.

When using the view area functionality in Axis cameras, each view area can have its own independent video stream. Additionally, each view area can have its own exposure control setting and text overlay setting. This allows for customized video streams with different exposure settings tailored to specific areas within the camera's field of view, as well as unique text overlays for each view area, providing flexibility in video management and presentation.

AXIS Video Hosting System (AVHS) allows customers to access between 2-4 channels of live and online stored video at any time. AVHS is a cloud-based video surveillance service that provides secure and scalable access to video streams and recorded footage, enabling users to monitor their premises remotely and manage their surveillance data effectively. [Reference: Axis Communications - AXIS Video Hosting System Documentation]

The Group of Video (GOV) length setting affects both the bandwidth and storage requirements of video streams. A longer GOV length, which specifies the interval between keyframes in a video stream, reduces the frequency of keyframes, thus lowering the bandwidth consumption. However, it can also increase the storage time on an SD card because fewer keyframes are stored over a given period, making the video stream more compression-efficient.

Axis thermal cameras are designed to detect activity in both daylight and complete darkness by capturing the heat emitted by objects and people. Unlike traditional cameras that rely on visible light, thermal cameras are effective in various lighting conditions, including complete darkness, fog, smoke, and even camouflaged objects. This makes them suitable for perimeter protection and monitoring in challenging environments. [Reference: Axis Communications - Thermal Cameras]

When zooming in on an object with a varifocal or zoom lens, the light sensitivity of the camera generally decreases. This is because zooming in reduces the amount of light reaching the sensor due to the longer focal length and narrower aperture, which can result in a darker image. This effect is more pronounced in cameras with lower-quality lenses or insufficient lighting. Axis Network Video documentation explains how lens properties and zoom settings can impact light sensitivity and overall image quality.

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When connecting and powering a PIR sensor from an Axis camera's I/O port, the output DC voltage provided is 3.3 V. This is a standard output voltage for many Axis network cameras, which allows integration of various low-power devices and sensors directly with the camera’s I/O ports.

AXIS Design Tool is used for determining camera coverage and creating a bill of materials. This tool helps system designers and installers to accurately plan camera placements, ensuring optimal coverage of the surveillance area, and to generate a comprehensive list of required components, facilitating project planning and budgeting.

Disconnecting the power and network cables before replacing a camera lens is crucial because there is a risk of short-circuiting the camera electronics. If the camera is powered on while the lens is being replaced, accidental contact with electronic components can cause a short circuit, potentially damaging the camera.

H.264 compression uses I-frames (intra-coded frames) as reference points, with P-frames (predictive frames) and B-frames (bi-directional frames) encoding only the changes from the previous frames. If a video contained no I-frames, there would be no reference frame for decoding, resulting in an inability to display any image. This would theoretically result in a black image being visible during the whole video. Therefore, the correct answer is B. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' technical notes on video compression.

To identify people with 80 pixels per face in a hallway that is 2.5 meters wide, a minimum resolution of 1280x720 (720p) is needed. This resolution ensures sufficient pixel density to capture detailed facial features necessary for identification purposes. Given the width of the hallway and the required pixel density, 720p provides the necessary coverage and detail.

The Guard Tour function allows a PTZ camera to automatically move between predefined positions at set intervals. This feature is particularly useful for monitoring multiple areas with a single camera. By configuring a Guard Tour, the camera can sequentially switch between different positions, providing comprehensive coverage without manual intervention. [Reference: Axis Communications - PTZ Camera Configuration]

The most noticeable difference between progressive scan and interlaced video is apparent when viewing frame-by-frame recorded video of moving vehicles. Progressive scan captures and displays all lines of each frame in sequence, resulting in smoother and clearer images, especially for fast-moving subjects. In contrast, interlaced video captures and displays alternate lines per frame, which can cause motion artifacts and blurring in fast-moving scenes. Axis Network Video documentation highlights that progressive scan is preferred for applications where clarity and detail in moving objects are critical.

To ensure that a surveillance system is not easily sabotaged, it's important to position cameras so that each camera is visible to at least one other camera. This overlapping field of view allows for continuous monitoring even if one camera is tampered with or disabled, providing a higher level of security and redundancy. [Reference: Axis Communications - Surveillance System Design]

Managed switches offer a variety of security features essential for maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of network data. IEEE 802.1X port-based authentication ensures that only authorized devices can connect to the network by requiring each device to authenticate itself before gaining access. HTTPS encryption provides secure communication over the network by encrypting the data being transmitted, protecting it from interception and tampering. These two features are critical for securing network traffic and preventing unauthorized access. Axis Network Video documentation highlights the importance of these features in maintaining a secure video surveillance network.

When dealing with a poorly lit scene, adding light is the most effective option to improve image quality. Proper illumination ensures that the camera's sensor can capture clear and detailed images, reducing noise and enhancing visibility. While adjusting exposure settings, brightness, or changing camera placement can help, they are secondary to the fundamental requirement of adequate lighting.

IEEE 802.1X is a network access control protocol that provides an authentication mechanism for devices wishing to connect to a LAN or WLAN. It ensures that only approved devices are granted access to the network, thereby preventing unauthorized devices from connecting. This makes it impossible for someone to disconnect a camera and connect another device to eavesdrop on the network. Therefore, the correct answer is B. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' documentation on network security features and IEEE 802.1X.

To ensure the AXIS P3347 always delivers the full frame rate of 30 fps even in darker conditions, setting the priority to frame rate is the correct option. This setting ensures that the camera maintains a constant frame rate by adjusting other parameters like exposure time and gain accordingly. This is essential in maintaining video smoothness and capturing real-time motion without dropping frames.

A zoom lens maintains focus when changing field of view, whereas a varifocal lens does not necessarily maintain focus when changing the focal length. This means that with a zoom lens, you can zoom in or out and the focus will remain sharp, which is particularly useful for applications requiring continuous focus adjustments. In contrast, varifocal lenses need to be refocused after adjusting the focal length. This distinction is important in video surveillance to ensure clear image capture at varying distances.

The maximum distance for a 100BaseTX Ethernet carrying 802.3at PoE connection between a switch and a camera without any extenders or repeaters is 100 meters (328 feet). This standard distance is applicable for most Ethernet networks and ensures reliable power and data transmission over the specified length.

According to Johnson's criteria, the detection range for a person with an AXIS Q1921 with a 60 mm lens in clear weather is 1200 meters (3900 feet). This means that a human observer is able to detect a person at this distance with a 50% probability. Johnson's criteria is a widely accepted method for calculating the probability of detection, recognition, and identification of objects in surveillance imagery.

Broadcast network traffic involves sending data packets to all devices on a network segment, regardless of whether they need the data. This method can lead to unnecessary network congestion and is not efficient for video transmission, which typically requires sending data to specific recipients. Broadcast is generally avoided in network video transmission in favor of more efficient methods like Unicast or Multicast. [Reference: Axis Communications - Network Traffic Management]

Using PoE (Power over Ethernet) to power cameras helps keep them running during a power outage because PoE cameras are centrally powered from the Ethernet switches, which are often backed up by an uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This means that in the event of a power failure, the UPS can provide temporary power to the switches and, consequently, to the connected PoE cameras, ensuring continuous operation.

The inverse square law of light intensity states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. Given that the light intensity is 1024 lux at 1 meter, we can calculate the distance at which the intensity would be 256 lux.

Since 256 lux is one-fourth of 1024 lux, and the inverse square law states that intensity is proportional to 1/d21/d^21/d2, the distance must be doubled to reduce the intensity by a factor of four. Therefore, the distance at which the light intensity is 256 lux is 2 meters. [Reference: Axis Communications - Illumination Basics]

OptimizedIR technology in Axis cameras adjusts the IR illumination to match the camera's field of view. This ensures that the IR light is evenly distributed across the scene, reducing the risk of overexposure and enhancing image quality. Furthermore, this alignment helps to maintain image clarity and detail by preventing hot spots and ensuring a balanced exposure across the entire frame. According to Axis documentation, these benefits help improve the effectiveness of night-time surveillance and reduce the need for additional external IR illuminators.

Color temperature is measured in Kelvin (K). This unit of measurement describes the hue of a specific type of light source, ranging from warm (yellow/red) to cool (blue). Understanding color temperature is crucial for setting up cameras in varying lighting conditions to ensure accurate color reproduction. Axis provides detailed guidance on configuring cameras for optimal performance based on color temperature in their user manuals and technical documentation.

AXIS Device Manager is free of charge. This tool provides comprehensive management capabilities for Axis devices without any additional licensing fees. It allows users to efficiently manage, configure, and maintain their Axis network cameras and other devices, ensuring optimal performance and security. Axis offers this tool as part of their commitment to providing user-friendly and cost-effective solutions, as detailed in their product information and support resources.

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Closing the aperture at a fixed focal length increases the f-number (aperture value), resulting in a longer depth of field. This means that a greater portion of the scene will be in focus, both in the foreground and background. A higher f-number indicates a smaller aperture, which allows less light to enter the lens but enhances the sharpness and clarity of the image over a larger depth. References: Axis Communications camera optics and image quality documentation.

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"PoE class 3 delivers up to 15.4 W per port (PSE), with 12.95 W available to the device (PD).

16 × 15.4 W = 246.4 W, but only 16 × 12.95 W = 207.2 W is actually drawn by the devices.

As the total available switch power is 240 W, it can handle 16 PoE class 3 cameras (assuming the draw is calculated at PD consumption)."

— Axis Power over Ethernet Guide

"Class 5 (40 W per camera) and mixed Class 4/Class 5 configurations would exceed the 240 W total switch budget."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

The three types of field of view are telephoto, wide-angle, and normal. A wide-angle lens provides a broader view, a normal lens offers a standard view comparable to the human eye, and a telephoto lens allows for a narrower field of view with greater magnification. Axis Communications' technical resources detail these field of view options for different camera lenses.

The fisheye view from a 360° panoramic camera can be dewarped both on live video streams and stored video material. Dewarping is a process that corrects the distortion inherent in fisheye lenses to present a more natural-looking image. This feature is supported in Axis cameras and video management software, allowing users to view undistorted video in real-time and from recorded footage. Axis documentation confirms that dewarping functionality is available for both live and archived video streams.

"Dynamic FPS (frames per second) is a Zipstream setting that automatically lowers the frame rate when there is no activity in the scene, thus saving bandwidth and storage."

— Axis Zipstream Technology Overview

"Dynamic FPS reduces the frame count during low-activity periods to optimize bandwidth and storage usage."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

PTZ cameras use lasers to measure the distance to the target, which allows for quick and accurate focusing. The laser range finder determines the precise distance between the camera and the subject, enabling the camera to adjust its focus optimally. This technology ensures that the camera can focus rapidly and accurately, even in challenging lighting conditions or when the target is moving. Axis Communications' technical specifications for PTZ cameras confirm that laser technology is employed to enhance focus performance by providing target distance information.

Configuring VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) in a network video system has several benefits. Firstly, VLANs keep network traffic separated from other networks, enhancing security and ensuring that video data does not mix with other types of traffic. This separation is crucial for maintaining the integrity and security of the video streams. Secondly, VLANs help avoid network congestion by logically segmenting the network, which improves overall network performance and reduces the likelihood of traffic bottlenecks. Axis documentation supports the use of VLANs to enhance network efficiency and security in video surveillance systems.

When using an external IR illuminator with a beam angle significantly narrower than the field of view, the exposure may be uneven. This can result in parts of the image being overexposed (too bright) while other parts remain underexposed (too dark). Ensuring that the beam angle of the IR illuminator matches the field of view of the camera is essential for achieving uniform illumination across the entire surveillance area.

"AXIS Device Manager is designed for managing, configuring, and updating firmware on large numbers of Axis devices. It is the safest and most efficient way to ensure all cameras are up-to-date."

— Axis Device Manager Overview

"With AXIS Device Manager, you can centrally manage firmware updates for hundreds of devices at once."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022