During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen combine to yield energy. Water and carbon dioxide are formed as by-products. In this process, energy is released and stored in high-energy bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As it is needed, energy for the work of the cell is released by breaking the high-energy ATP bonds.
Which is the fundamental purpose of the process of respiration?
The International Space Station (ISS) is in orbit about 400 km (250 miles) above the surface of Earth. The ISS is a platform that will enable scientists to conduct a wide range of experiments and observations. A diagram of the ISS is shown at the left.
Which statement explains how materials get to the orbit of the ISS so that they can be assembled into the ISS?
A spring can be compressed or stretched. The amount of force that is required for a spring to return to its original position depends on its "spring constant." If the spring constant is large, thespring is rigid and difficult to stretch or compress. If the spring constant is small, the spring stretches and compresses easily.
The diagram below depicts the amount of compression that results for spring A and spring B after equal force is applied to both.
Which situation requires a spring with the largest spring constant?
Catalysts are chemical substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction but are not changed by the reaction. Enzymes are special catalysts produced in body cells and are composed of proteins.
Which statement is true?
The physical and chemical properties of a substance are affected by many factors, such as the molecular makeup of a substance and its temperature. The thicker and more viscous a liquid is, the more slowly an object should fall through it.
In which of the following situations would a marble be MOST LIKELY to fall at the fastest rate when dropped into syrup in a graduated cylinder?
A scientist uses a laboratory mouse to complete an experiment involving a maze. During each trial, the mouse runs through the maze, and the scientist counts the number of errors that the mouse makes before it reaches the end of the maze. The mouse goes through the maze a total of six times. The scientist’s data are shown in the table at the left.
Based on the information and graph, which statement is the best interpretation?
The graph at the left includes data from an experiment that showed how long a windup toy ran after different numbers of turns of the key.
What should have been done to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the experiment?
When a cell, such as a red blood cell, is placed in pure distilled water, water will move into the cell, causing it to expand and burst. However, most plant cells, which are surrounded by a tough cellulose wall, will not burst when placed in pure distilled water.
This information indicates which of the following statements about cells?
The energy of an earthquake may cause other catastrophic events that continue long after the ground stops shaking. For instance, fires caused after the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 killed more than 200 people. However, not all deaths are necessarily confined to the immediate area of an earthquake. The effects of a Chilean earthquake in 1960—the strongest ever recorded—killed hundreds of people who lived thousands of miles away, from Hawaii, the Philippines, and Japan.
Which event was most likely the reason for the loss of life in Hawaii, the Philippines, and Japan in 1960?
Which of the following claims from the flower seed package is based on FACT rather than on opinion?
A physical change is a change that occurs in a substance without the formation of a different substance. In a chemical change, new substances are formed.
Which situation is an example of a chemical change?
Based on the information and diagram, which statement best describes the water cycle?
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A cell, the basic unit of living things, contains microscopic structures called organelles. A group of specialized cells of the same type forms a tissue, such as muscle or nerve tissue. An organ such as the liver is composed of different kinds of tissues that contribute to its overall function. A group of related organs form an organ system, such as the digestive system. A living organism may contain a number of organ systems working together to carry on the life functions.
Based on the information, in which category does the human heart belong?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of individual particles in a substance. Thermal energy is the total combined energy of all the particles. When comparing samples of the same substance, the total thermal energy of the sample depends on its temperature and mass.
Cheryl fills five containers with different amounts of the same substance as shown in the diagram below. The contents of all five containers are kept at the same 50° Celsius temperature.
To remain buoyant, an object must displace a mass of liquid equal to its own mass. Shown below are five identical corks each placed in small vials, containing equal volumes of liquids that have different salt concentrations. The solution with the highest concentration of salt will have the highest mass and will require the least displacement of liquid.
Based on the information and diagram, which vial has the greatest concentration of salt?
Refer to the following information and table.
The table below indicates the results of a preliminary study of a flu medication (RX). The subjects were randomly selected groups of males, ages 50–70, residing in a North American city with a population of more than one million people.
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Based on the data in the chart and the information provided, which treatment appeared to be most effective in treating the early stages of the flu in these subjects?
Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon molecules (molecules containing hydrogen and carbon). This hydrocarbon mixture varies greatly in composition. Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points and can be separated on this basis. The more carbon atoms in the chain, the higher the boiling point.
Based on this information, which hydrocarbon has the lowest boiling point?
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Based on the map, which statement is an opinion, rather than a fact?
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The carbon cycle is illustrated above. Two of the essential processes involved are photosynthesis in green plants and algae and respiration by almost all organisms. Respiration, as well as burning and other natural decomposition (breakdown) processes, contributes to the amount of CO2 in the air and soil. Photosynthesis uses up CO2 and produces O2, which, in turn, is used up in respiration and the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas.
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Based on the information and diagram, which process is most likely to increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?
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An area in southern Canada receives about 60 centimeters (23 inches) of rain each year. The winter season lasts from late October into early May, and the common trees are needle-leaf evergreens.
This area would be classified as which of the following biomes?
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The pH scale is a measure of the acidity of a substance. The numerical range of the scale is from 0.0 to 14.0. A midpoint pH of 7.0 designates a neutral substance (neither acid nor base). A pH lower than 7.0 denotes an acid substance, whereas a pH higher than 7.0 denotes a basic substance.
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The pH scale is a measure of the acidity of a substance. The numerical range of the scale is from 0.0 to 14.0. A midpoint pH of 7.0 designates a neutral substance (neither acid nor base). A pH lower than 7.0 denotes an acid substance, whereas a pH higher than 7.0 denotes a basic substance.
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Which of the following substances is the MOST acidic?
An animal population can increase or decrease because of food scarcity or other changes in a habitat. The graph below shows changes in a rabbit population over a 10-year period.
According to the graph,
during which period of time were the numbers of rabbits leaving the population and joining the population about the same?
Sugar is produced in the sugar beet’s leaves through photosynthesis and then is transported to the root. The root of a sugar beet weighs from 1.5 to 3 pounds.
For what purpose is the root of the sugar beet adapted?
Cholera is a disease caused by a bacterium that is transmitted by water, shellfish, and raw vegetables. The major symptom is severe diarrhea. Epidemics of cholera in the Americas, common in the 19th century, are much less frequent now with the advent of modern medicine and improved methods of hygiene.
However, in 1991, the number of cholera epidemics increased again in one South American country, causing over 4000 deaths.
The high number of cases of cholera in the South American country noted above was most probably due to which factor?
Almost all food containers and packages have nutrition labels such as the one below, which might appear on the container of a soft drink. These labels indicate the number of servings in the container and the ingredients of its contents. They will usually list the amount of fat, sodium, sugars, carbohydrates, and protein that are in the contents. People who are diabetic can not consume a large amount of sugar in their diet.
Which statement best describes the expected and MOST sensible reaction of a person who is diabetic when he or she reads the label on this container of soft drink?
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The majority of materials will expand when heated and contract when cooled. Thomas is given a metal ball and metal ring. He needs to put the ball through the ring. The ball is slightly larger than the hole of the ring.
How should Thomas proceed?
Cells are the building blocks of the human body. Cancer cells differ from healthy cells in their rate of reproduction; they divide in an uncontrollable and rapid manner and may spread to areas of the body where they do not belong. A cancerous lung cell may be found in any other organ it invades. When cancer cells reproduce, they produce other cancer cells.
Based on the information above, which statement identifies a characteristic of cancer cells?
Warren is a small town built on the edge of a river. Upstream from Warren, there is a factory on one side of the river and a large farm on the other side. Recently, a resident of Warren discovered a large number of dead fish on the bank of the river, as shown below.
The residents of Warren want to know why so many fish died in that location.
Which would be the most realistic first step to take in determining the cause of the fish kill?
There are usually thirty-two teeth in the mouth of an adult human. They are divided into four groups: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. The diagram below shows the arrangement of these teeth in the mouth.
Which statement best explains why your teeth have so many shapes?
Examine the following graph.
One wavelength is the distance from one crest of a wave to the next crest or from a trough (low point of a wave) to the next trough. The frequency of a wave is the number of crests that pass any given point each second.
Which section represents one complete wavelength?
There is more vegetation present in areas with mild climates than in areas with harsh climates. Pollen analysis is one of the tools used to study past climates. The diagram at the left shows information about sediments of the same age, sampled from different parts of the world.
Which of the sediments most likely represents the area with the mildest climate?
The movements of different freshwater fish were tracked as they swam in waters of varying temperatures. Assuming that “normal” aquarium water temperature is 25° C, the effects of water temperature on movements were found within a temperature range from 18° C to 28° C.
What statement is the best conclusion that can be made based on the information collected in this experiment?
Science and technology are two related but distinct fields. Their major components are illustrated below.
Which statement represents a technological solution to a problem?
Plant and animal cells have some structural differences. One of these differences is a rigid structure that helps support and protect plant cells. The diagram below shows a plant and an animal cell.
Wood, made up of plant cells, is a strong construction material. Based on the information and diagram, which structure enables plant cells to be used as construction material?
The left side of the brain dominates in verbal skills, reading, writing, and logical thinking. The right side of the brain is adept at space and pattern perception. While the right side does not express speech, the right side dominates in visual imagery and spatial relationships.
The left side of the brain would dominate in which of the following activities?
In a population cycle, predators eat and reduce the number of prey. If the number of predators is reduced, the number of prey will gradually increase. Eventually, the predator population will increase, and the population cycle will continue.
Which pair best demonstrates a predator-prey relationship?
In a suspension, two materials will mix together only temporarily. One material does not dissolve into the other, but stays suspended only until gravity pulls it down.
Which is an example of a suspension?
Wild rabbits in Alaska have short ears, whereas those found in Arizona have long ears. For the Alaskan rabbits, this is an adaptation to which of the following?
Water on Earth is found in many places. It is found in the atmosphere, the ground, oceans, lakes, rivers, and in the polar ice caps. The continuous movement of water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface and back to the atmosphere, called the water cycle, has four stages: storage on Earth, evaporation from Earth, precipitation from the atmosphere, and runoff on the surface of Earth.
Based on the information and diagram, where would most of the storage of water on Earth occur?
A community is a population of all living things, or organisms, in a given area. Communities consist of organisms that may interact with one another. When two organisms, each from a different species, interact, their interaction can be categorized as one of the following:
Which category describes an interaction where a tapeworm feeds on intestinal material in the human body?
Nitrites are used by the meat-packing industry to maintain the appetizing red color of cured meats and smoked fish and to protect the consumer from botulism. However, in the acid environment of the stomach, nitrites can combine with amines to form nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens.
Which behavior is most effective for all urban consumers to minimize exposure to nitrosamines?
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TESTED 11 Jan 2026
